transmission, biologic indirect transmission by a vector in which the infectious agent undergoes biologic changes inside the vector as part of its life cycle before it is transmitted to the host (see also transmission, mechanical). study, retrospective an analytic study in which participants are enrolled after the health outcome of interest has occurred. outbreak, common-source an outbreak that results from persons being exposed to the same harmful influence (e.g., an infectious agent or toxin). symmetrical a type of distribution where the shapes to the right and left of the central location are the same. Q. I was wondering the rate at which alcohol induces brain damage. Good synonyms? The investigator specifies the type of exposure for each study participant and then follows each persons health status to determine the effects of the exposure. is the average age of infection. trial, community an experimental study that uses data from communities. outcome(s) any or all of the possible results that can stem from exposure to a causal factor or from preventive or therapeutic interventions; all identified changes in health status that result from the handling of a health problem. rates of hiv aids. infection rate. Pandemic When a new disease spreads to many countries around the world. This is true regardless of whether they have shown symptoms of COVID-19 or not. Often referred to as a skewed distribution; the mean, median, and mode of an asymmetrical distribution are not the same. A line listing a type of epidemiologic database, organized similar to a spreadsheet with rows and columns in which information from cases or patients are listed each column represents a variable, and each row represents an individual case or patient. On this page you will find all the synonyms for the word to infection rate. NHANES The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a representative survey of the civilian, noninstitutionalized US population conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics, designed to (1) estimate the proportion of the US population and designated groups with selected disease and risk factors; (2) monitor trends in selected behaviors, exposures, and diseases; and (3) study the associations among diet, nutrition, and health. case an instance of a particular disease, injury, or other health conditions that meets selected criteria (see also case definition). surveillance, sentinel a surveillance system that uses a prearranged sample of sources (e.g., physicians, hospitals, or clinics) who have agreed to report all cases of one or more notifiable diseases. EMAILS SHOW THE MEATPACKING INDUSTRY DRAFTED AN EXECUTIVE ORDER TO KEEP PLANTS OPEN, TRAINED IMMUNITY OFFERS HOPE IN FIGHT AGAINST CORONAVIRUS, WEARING A MASK COULD PROTECT YOU FROM COVID-19 IN MORE WAYS THAN YOU THINK, EUROPE OVERTAKES U.S. AS COVID-19 HOTSPOT AS INFECTIONS SURGE, TIMES OF STRIFE CAN LEAD TO MEDICAL INNOVATIONWHEN GOVERNMENTS ARE WILLING, THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIAS COVID SURGE CONTINUES, WITH 1,400 CASES REPORTED THIS WEEK. Nglish: Translation of infection for Spanish Speakers, Britannica English: Translation of infection for Arabic Speakers, Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about infection. virulence the ability of an infectious agent to cause severe disease, measured as the proportion of persons with the disease who become severely ill or die. The class intervals of the variable are grouped on a linear scale on the horizontal axis, and the class frequencies are grouped on the vertical axis. an infecting agency or influence. Among countries with both high vaccination rates and high rates of Covid-19 infection, most rely on vaccines made in China, a CNBC analysis shows. rate of infection synonym Black&Red Black&Gold Black&Bluish purple Black&Purple Black&Black case, source the case or instance of a patient responsible for transmitting infection to others; the instance of a patient who gives rise to an outbreak or epidemic. One of the many measures is the closure of schools which concomitantly implied that other innovative strategies to the delivery of subject matter to students while they remain at home be employed in order to . field epidemiology see epidemiology, field. Rate at which susceptible individuals acquire an infectious disease, Mathematical modelling of infectious disease, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Force_of_infection&oldid=1142548282, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 01:24. case, index the first case or instance of a patient coming to the attention of health authorities. The percentage of individuals afflicted with an illness who die as a result of it. Antibiotic resistance is one of the leading issues in modern healthcare due to the inability to treat common infections with available antibiotics. It increases, for example, in hyperthyroidism. This type of graph is useful for identifying medians and quartiles and other percentiles. axis one of the dimensions of a graph in a rectangular graph, the x-axis is the horizontal axis, and the y-axis is the vertical axis. The y-axis, measuring frequency, uses an arithmetic scale. A nonspecific laboratory test used as a marker of inflammation. is given by: where incubation period the time interval from exposure to an infectious agent to the onset of symptoms of an infectious disease. Synonymsfor Infection rate 35 other terms for infection rate- words and phrases with similar meaning Lists synonyms antonyms definitions sentences thesaurus phrases suggest new cancer rates contamination level high prevalence hiv infection hiv prevalence hiv-infection rate incidence rate infection rates level of contamination level of infection an abnormal state caused by contact with harmful organisms (such as bacteria or viruses), Post more words for infection to Facebook, Share more words for infection on Twitter. x-axis the horizontal axis of a rectangular graph, usually displaying the independent variable (e.g., time). suggest new. He doesn't rate very highly as a dramatist in my estimation. cohort a well-defined group of persons who have had a common experience or exposure and are then followed up, as in a cohort study or prospective study, to determine the incidence of new diseases or health events. scale, nominal a measurement scale consisting of qualitative categories whose values have no inherent statistical order or rank (e.g., categories of race/ethnicity, religion, or country of birth). 2. . Sometimes distinguished from an epidemic as more localized, or the term less likely to evoke public panic (see also epidemic). Etiology Toxoplasmosis Caused by the protozoa Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular parasite Horizontal transmission: Exposure to contaminated cat feces Eating infected raw meat Vertical transmission: infection invasion of the body tissues of a host by an infectious agent, whether or not it causes disease. hypothesis a supposition, arrived at from observation or reflection, that leads to refutable predictions; any conjecture cast in a form that will allow it to be tested and refuted. infection contagion, contamination, corruption, defilement, poison, pollution, septicity, virus English Collins Dictionary - English synonyms & Thesaurus See also: inflection, injection, infectious, infect Collaborative Dictionary English Thesaurus payday loan n. measure of central location a central value that best represents a distribution of data. if this or if that is the case; if this or if that continues. sentences. The roles of different age groups in propagating Omicron epidemics in the whole . Organizationally, NCHS is a component of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, one of the agencies of the US Department of Health and Human Services. Synonym: In assisted reproduction technology, the number of newborn deliveries achieved in every one hundred follicular aspirations, embryo transfers, or stimulated cycles. cause-specific mortality rate see mortality rate, cause-specific. The midrange is usually calculated as an intermediate step in determining other measures. epidemic curve a histogram that displays the course of an outbreak or epidemic by plotting the number of cases according to time of onset. privacy rule a set of regulations based on the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act to protect the privacy of individually identifiable health information. (since rate is 1/time). exposed group a group whose members have had contact with a suspected cause of, or possess a characteristic that is a suspected determinant of, a particular health problem. What is the rate of alcoholism in the USA compared to the rest of the world? The literature provides no clear guidance on how best to prevent pin-site infection following orthopaedic surgery, Infection Management & Environmental Plan, Infection Prevention & Control Department, Infection Surveillance and Control Program, Infections with a predominantly sexual mode of transmission. rated the film PG13; rated the bonds at junk level. rate of prevalence. bank accounts paying above the average rate of interest. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. odds ratio a measure of association used in comparative studies, particularly case-control studies, that quantifies the association between an exposure and a health outcome; also called the cross-product ratio. The literature provides no clear guidance on how best to prevent pin-site infection following orthopaedic surgery, Relationship between hydrocephalus etiology and ventriculoperitoneal shunt infection in children and review of literature, Prevalence of Linguatula Serrata Infection in Domestic Ruminants in West Part of Iran: Risk Factors and Public Health Implications, Surgical site infections: incidence, bacteriological profiles and risk factors in a tertiary care teaching hospital, western India, THE EFFECT OF REUSABLE VERSUS DISPOSABLE SURGICAL DRAPES ON IMPLANTABLE CARDIAC ELECTRONIC DEVICE INFECTIONS, Sterile or non-sterile gloves for minor skin excisions? bias, selection systematic difference in the enrollment of participants in a study that leads to an incorrect result (e.g., risk ratio or odds ratio) or inference. The number of deaths in a specified population, usually expressed per 100,000 population over a given period, usually 1 year. variable, independent an exposure, risk factor, or other characteristic being observed or measured that is hypothesized to influence an event or manifestation (the dependent variable). For COVID-19, symptoms appear 2-14 days after infection. These infections are usually acquired after hospitalization and manifest 48 hours after admission t Hospital Acquired Infections Book The research was done in environmental disaster areas (Aral District, Kazaly District) and . Antiviral therapy and cesarean delivery (CD) improve clinical outcomes. These proportions are not mortality rates because, in proportionate mortality, the denominator is all deaths instead of the population among whom the deaths occurred. This fuse is rated at 50 amperes. The literature provides no clear guidance on how best to prevent pin-site infection following orthopaedic surgery, Relationship between hydrocephalus etiology and ventriculoperitoneal shunt infection in children and review of literature, Another HCV infection after HCV cure most frequent in high risk takers, Prevalence of Linguatula Serrata Infection in Domestic Ruminants in West Part of Iran: Risk Factors and Public Health Implications, Surgical site infections: incidence, bacteriological profiles and risk factors in a tertiary care teaching hospital, western India, THE EFFECT OF REUSABLE VERSUS DISPOSABLE SURGICAL DRAPES ON IMPLANTABLE CARDIAC ELECTRONIC DEVICE INFECTIONS, Sterile or non-sterile gloves for minor skin excisions? variance a measure of the spread in a set of observations, calculated as the sum of the squares of deviations from the mean, divided by the number of observations minus 1 (see also standard deviation). ITS THE MASS DEATH. mean, arithmetic the measure of central location, commonly called the average, calculated by adding all the values in a group of measurements and dividing by the number of values in the group. record in a line listing, each row is a record or observation. trend, secular changes occurring over a substantial period, generally years or decades. incidence rates. The rate of occurrence of new cases of a disease. crude mortality rate see mortality rate, crude. Goals: To have real experience in implementing Care of Newborn . vector a living intermediary that carries an agent from a reservoir to a susceptible host (see also transmission, biologic and transmission, mechanical) (e.g., mosquitoes, fleas, or ticks). This television programme has had some very bad ratings recently. The line graph shows there were 37,800 new HIV infections in 2015, 37,900 in 2016, 36,700 in 2017, 36,200 in 2018, and 34,800 in 2019. zoonosis an infectious disease that is transmissible from animals to humans. The speed at which the cells settle depends on how many red blood cells clump together. Wer auf der Strae oder in ffentlichen Gebuden ohne Mund-Nasen-Schutz erwischt wurde, musste mit . Objectives In late December 2022, rates of mortality in France (over 2,500 daily deaths) have reached levels not seen since April 2020, with the most pronounced increase in mortality recorded in nursing homes. {\displaystyle \lambda } A carrier can be asymptomatic (never indicate signs of the disease) or can display signs of the disease only during the incubation period, convalescence, or postconvalescence. The time it takes for someone with an infection to start showing symptoms. frequency distribution a complete summary of the frequencies of the values or categories of a variable, often displayed in a two-column table with the individual values or categories in the left column and the number of observations in each category in the right column. evaluation systematic and objective examination of activities to determine their relevance, effectiveness, and impact. This term is often used to describe the prevalence of malaria in a local area, with 10 to 50% of children showing evidence of prior infection being considered a moderate level . Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. incidence of disease. epidemiologic triad the traditional model of infectious disease causation having three components: an external agent, a susceptible host, and an environment that brings the host and agent together so that disease occurs. Math is a way of determining the relationships between numbers, shapes, and . variable the degree to which a measurement, questionnaire, test, or study or any other data-collection tool measures what it is intended to measure. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. COVID-19 infections are still rising in 72 countries. The graphic states that new HIV infections fell 8% from 2015 to 2019, after a period of general stability. contagion, contamination, corruption, defilement, poison, pollution, septicity, virus, English Collins Dictionary - English synonyms & Thesaurus, Collaborative Dictionary English Thesaurus. spectrum of illness the range of manifestations a disease process can take (e.g., from asymptomatic to mild clinical illness to severe illness and death). indirect transmission see transmission, indirect. CDC twenty four seven. In epidemiology, force of infection (denoted ) is the rate at which susceptible individuals acquire an infectious disease. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. median the measure of central location that divides a set of data into two equal parts, above and below which lie an equal number of values (see also measure of central location). a performance that didn't rate very high. contact exposure to a source of an infection; a person who has been exposed. person-time the amount of time each participant in a cohort study is observed and disease-free, often summed to provide the denominator for a person-time rate. Synonym: The number of deaths in 1 year of infants aged 0 to 28 days divided by the number of live births in that same year. See how your sentence looks with different synonyms. a high (monthly) accident rate in a factory. (2) A system for early detection of outbreaks whereby health department staff, assisted by automated acquisition of data routinely collected for other purposes and computer generation of statistical signals, monitor disease indicators, particularly those associated with possible terrorism-related biologic and chemical agents, continually or at least daily to detect outbreaks earlier than would otherwise be possible with traditional public health methods. The distinction between the two is clear (now). portal of exit a pathway by which an agent can leave its host. WILDFIRE SMOKE AND COVID-19 ARE A ONE-TWO PUNCH FOR INDOOR AIR QUALITY ACROSS THE U.S. COURTS MAY RECONSIDER TEMPORARY CORONAVIRUS RESTRICTIONS AS PANDEMIC DRAGS ON. droplet nuclei the residue of dried droplets of infectious agents that is easily inhaled and exhaled and can remain suspended in air for relatively long periods or be blown over great distances. Incidence rate is calculated as the number of new cases over a specified period divided either by the average population (usually mid-period) or by the cumulative person-time the population was at risk. The advantage of this method of calculating applied epidemiology see epidemiology, applied. representative sample see sample, representative. study, experimental a study in which the investigator specifies the type of exposure for each person (clinical trial) or community (community trial) then follows the persons or communities health status to determine the effects of the exposure. Global daily statistics. epidemiology, descriptive the aspect of epidemiology concerned with organizing and summarizing data regarding the persons affected (e.g., the characteristics of those who became ill), time (e.g., when they become ill), and place (e.g., where they might have been exposed to the cause of illness). risk ratio a measure of association that quantifies the association between an exposure and a health outcome from an epidemiologic study, calculated as the ratio of incidence proportions of two groups. {\displaystyle \lambda } chain of infection the progression of an infectious agent that leaves its reservoir or host through a portal of exit, is conveyed by a mode of transmission, and then enters through an appropriate portal of entry to infect a susceptible host. dependent variable see variable, dependent. Diseases of the cardiovascular system may be diagnosed . contribucin municipal, impuestos municipales, , . The quantity of medicine or radiation administered per unit of time. line graph, semilogarithmic-scale a graph that displays patterns or trends by plotting the frequency (e.g., number, proportion, or rate) of a characteristic or event during some variable, usually time. decision tree a branching chart that represents the logical sequence or pathway of a clinical or public health decision. efficiency the ability of an intervention or program to produce the intended or expected results with a minimum expenditure of time and resources. The goal of this study was to assess the feasibility of implementing a nurse-driven pneumococcal vaccination protocol based on the 2012 Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) guidelines within an academic rheumatology clinic. attributable risk percent see proportion, attributable. fomite an inanimate object that can be the vehicle for transmission of an infectious agent (e.g., bedding, towels, or surgical instruments). bias, information systematic difference in the collection of data regarding the participants in a study (e.g., about exposures in a case-control study, or about health outcomes in a cohort study) that leads to an incorrect result (e.g., risk ratio or odds ratio) or inference. Q. where would i find list of all the "clean" cities and the rates of air pollution ? Usually, one variable represents a health outcome, and one represents an exposure or personal characteristic. cumulative frequency in a frequency distribution, the number or proportion of observations with a particular value and any smaller value. droplet spread the direct transmission of an infectious agent by means of the aerosols produced in sneezing, coughing, or talking that travel only a short distance before falling to the ground. Alexander COVID News-Dr. Paul Elias Alexander's Newsletter DEVASTATING Australian NSW data showing the quadrupled COVID mRNA vaccinated (4 shots) have massive spikes in hospitalization & death! Saving Lives, Protecting People, Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice, Third Edition, Deputy Director for Public Health Science and Surveillance, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Data Tracker Home Cases, Deaths, & Testing Case & Death Demographic Trends Vaccination Distribution & Coverage Vaccine Effectiveness & Breakthrough Surveillance Health Equity Pediatric Pregnancy People at Increased Risk Wastewater Surveillance Health Care Settings Social Impact & Prevention Variants & Genomic Surveillance Antibody Seroprevalence Post-COVID Conditions Traveler-Based Genomic . seasonality change in physiologic status or in the occurrence of a disease, chronic condition, or type of injury that conforms to a regular seasonal pattern. Clumping is increased by the presence of acute-phase proteins released during inflammation. Energy used is calculated from the amount of oxygen used during the test. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free! An example of a rate is: 1 HAI per 10,000 patient days in Hospital X in 2009. descriptive epidemiology see epidemiology, descriptive. We take your privacy seriously. outlier a value substantively or statistically different from all (or approximately all) of the other values in a distribution. He says that he isn't sure whether we'll be allowed to finish, but at that rate we might as well not start. table shell a table that is completely drawn and labeled but contains no data. risk factor an aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, an environmental exposure, or a hereditary characteristic that is associated with an increase in the occurrence of a particular disease, injury, or other health condition. vehicle an inanimate object that can carry an agent from a reservoir to a susceptible host (e.g., food, water, blood products, and bedding) (see also transmission, indirect). Synonym: Upper Respiratory Tract Infections, Recurrent. variable, continuous a variable that has the potential for having an infinite number of values along a continuum (e.g., height and weight). The number of fetal deaths per 1000 live births, usually per year. Found 2 synonyms 1. infection rate 2. {\displaystyle A} surveillance, passive public health surveillance in which data are sent to the health agency without prompting. mean (or average) commonly called the average; it is the most common measure of central tendency. study, cross-sectional a study in which a sample of persons from a population are enrolled and their exposures and health outcomes are measured simultaneously; a survey. infection rates. the webmaster's page for free fun content, Fixing HIV spending: leading AIDS advocates agree that a doubling of federal funding could make a dramatic difference in the fight against the disease, though they diverge when asked how they would allocate the additional money, Simulated anthrax attacks and syndromic surveillance, In Africa, a town unravels: AIDS is rapidly stealing the life from a village in Swaziland, Infectious disease: the human costs of our environmental errors, Rise in HCV infection rates linked to OxyContin reformulation, Can pin-site infection be prevented? the speed or frequency with which an event or circumstance occurs per unit of time, population, or other standard of comparison. ; Quelle note lui donneriez-vous sur 10?. antonyms. box plot a visual display that summarizes data by using a box and whiskers format to indicate the minimum and maximum values (ends of the whiskers), interquartile range (length of the box), and median (line through the box). sample, random a sample of persons chosen in such a way that each one has the same (and known) probability of being selected. Demonstrates appropriate hand washing techniques to ensure proper infection control and follows universal precautions. We study 5,916 people who have Escherichia urinary tract infection or Peak expiratory flow rate decreased. The alternative is adopted if the null hypothesis (see also hypothesis, null) proves implausible. PPE PPE Stands for personal protective equipment. proportion a ratio in which the numerator is included in the denominator; the ratio of a part to the whole, expressed as a decimal fraction (e.g., 0 2), a fraction (1/5), or a percentage (20%). HIPAA the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, enacted in 1996, which addresses the privacy of a persons medical information as well as postemployment insurance and other health-related concerns. Such a calculation is difficult because not all new infections are reported, and it is often difficult to know how many susceptibles were exposed. chartjunk unnecessary or confusing visual elements in charts, illustrations, or graphs. phylogenetic tree a branching chart that indicates the evolutionary lineage or genetic relatedness of organisms. map, area (shaded, choropleth) a visual display of the geographic pattern of a health problem, in which a marker is placed on a map to indicate where each affected person lives, works, or might have been exposed. This value is usually expressed as deaths per 100,000 live births. neonatal mortality rate see mortality rate, neonatal. .css-1w804bk{font-size:16px;}See how your sentence looks with different synonyms. mortality rate, race/ethnic-specific a mortality rate limited to a specified racial or ethnic group both numerator and denominator are limited to that group. {\displaystyle A} definitions. P value the probability of observing an association between two variables or a difference between two or more groups as large or larger than that observed, if the null hypothesis were true. While in Indonesia the infant mortality rate due to infection of Caput succedaneum in 2013 amounted to 11% from 35 per 1000 live births. distribution in epidemiology, the frequency and pattern of health-related characteristics and events in a population. mode the most frequently occurring value in a set of observations (see also measure of central location). thesaurus. Synonyms for Infection rates. In this case, Objective Rheumatology patients are at high risk for complications from pneumococcal infections. attack rate, secondary a measure of the frequency of new cases of a disease among the contacts of known patients.

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