Neurobiol. J. Respir. Chest 158, 11431163 (2020). Preceding infection and risk of stroke: an old concept revived by the COVID-19 pandemic. The spectrum of COVID-19-associated dermatologic manifestations: an international registry of 716 patients from 31 countries. Med. Rowley, A. H. Understanding SARS-CoV-2-related multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Med. Thorax https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-216086 (2020). Some experts have also proposed evaluation with serial PFTs and 6MWTs for those with persistent dyspnea, as well as high-resolution computed tomography of the chest at 6 and 12months75. Pulmonary function and exercise capacity in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome. 18, 31093110 (2020). 19(1), 320. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-019-01298-y (2019). Assoc. Soc. Dr. Melissa Halvorson Smith is a gynecologist from North Dakota and heads the Women's Health Center. Although less common, hospitalized COVID-19 survivors have been found to have restrictive pulmonary physiology at 3 and 6months5,49, which has also been observed in historical ARDS survivor populations48,50. 2, fcaa069 (2020). J. D.W.L. Bajaj, N. S. et al. Prim. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.43.1_part_1.132 (1993). Malnutrition has been noted in 2645% of patients with COVID-19, as evaluated by the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool in an Italian study219. 2,27), their association with post-acute COVID-19 outcomes in those who have recovered remains to be determined. It has been suggested that persistent tachycardia seen in long COVID, labelled "post-COVID-19 tachycardia syndrome," may present as inappropriate sinus tachycardia or POTS . In our study, most of the patients could not be evaluated for silent hypoxemia because arterial blood gases were not performed during the acute phase. Multidisciplinary collaboration is essential to provide integrated outpatient care to survivors of acute COVID-19 in COVID-19 clinics. 74, 860863 (2020). Madjid et al. Mahmoud Nassar - Internal Medicine Resident - LinkedIn Hypotheses 144, 110055 (2020). To investigate the prevalence and the mechanisms underlying IST in a prospective population of PCS patients. 3, 117125 (2016). In rare cases, the COVID-19 vaccine can cause a severe allergic reaction, which is why people should be monitored after the injection. Cheung, K. S. et al. Lancet 391, 24492462 (2018). Sakusic, A. ISSN 1546-170X (online) Moldofsky, H. & Patcai, J. Blood 136, 13171329 (2020). Lancet Infect. Raghu, G. & Wilson, K. C.COVID-19 interstitial pneumonia: monitoring the clinical course in survivors. As a result, COVID-19 survivors with persistent impaired renal function in the post-acute infectious phase may benefit from early and close follow-up with a nephrologist in AKI survivor clinics, supported by its previous association with improved outcomes180,181. COVID-19 vaccine side effects: What to do - Medical News Today 146, 215217 (2020). Immune complement and coagulation dysfunction in adverse outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 25.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). Children (Basel) 7, 69 (2020). E.Y.W. Nat. Complement and tissue factor-enriched neutrophil extracellular traps are key drivers in COVID-19 immunothrombosis. B. ICU-acquired weakness and recovery from critical illness. 2). Fatigue (53.1%), dyspnea (43.4%), joint pain (27.3%) and chest pain (21.7%) were the most commonly reported symptoms, with 55% of patients continuing to experience three or more symptoms. COVID-19 is now recognized as a multi-organ disease with a broad spectrum of manifestations. 324, 15671568 (2020). Cardiovasc. This similarity in symptoms led doctors to start testing patients for POTS. Immunol. Endotheliopathy in COVID-19-associated coagulopathy: evidence from a single-centre, cross-sectional study. Causes of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) SVT happens when the electrical system that controls your heart rhythm is not working properly. Slider with three articles shown per slide. This 2:1:1 comparative design allowed us to establish study reference values for the assessment of HRV and to characterize presumable damage to the sympathetic versus parasympathetic input to the heart rate in the setting of PCS. Click here to view the video. The subsequent inflammatory response may lead to cardiomyocyte death and fibro-fatty displacement of desmosomal proteins important for cell-to-cell adherence116,117. During the study period, 200 patients visited the PCS unit due to persistent symptoms beyond the third month of acute infection. Radiology 296, E189E191 (2020). Continued loss of the sense of smell or taste. Despite these limitations, we demonstrated significantly decreased parasympathetic tone among our PCS patient population. Kidney Int. Haemost. 372, n136 (2021). Supraventricular tachycardia - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic I write this as someone whose 17-year-old son has developed postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) following the second shot of Pfizer's vaccine. My wife had her first dose of Pfizer 2 weeks ago. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) contribute to immunothrombosis in COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome. Dani, M. et al. Brain Behav. Barnes, G. D. et al. Nalbandian, A., Sehgal, K., Gupta, A. et al. Potential effects of coronaviruses on the cardiovascular system: A review. COVID-19-associated nephropathy (COVAN) is characterized by the collapsing variant of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, with involution of the glomerular tuft in addition to acute tubular injury, and is thought to develop in response to interferon and chemokine activation177,178. With adequate longer-term follow-up data, those patients who require RRT for severe AKI experience high mortality, with a survival probability of 0.46 at 60d and rates of renal recovery reportedly at 84% among survivors170. Nephrol. The condition, a puzzling dysfunction of both the heart and the nervous system, messes with how the body regulates involuntary functions, including pulse. 24-h ECG monitoring and HRV parameters. Care Med. The Johns Hopkins Post-Acute COVID-19 Team (PACT): a multidisciplinary, collaborative, ambulatory framework supporting COVID-19 survivors. Clin. Finally, long-term cognitive impairment is well recognized in the post-critical illness setting, occurring in 2040% of patients discharged from an ICU165. "I apologize on. No patient had complained of palpitations prior to the SARS-CoV-2 infection, endorsing the principle of post-infective IST. These authors contributed equally: Ani Nalbandian, Kartik Sehgal. Persistence of symptoms and quality of life at 35 days after hospitalization for COVID-19 infection. Dyn. There is no concrete evidence of lasting damage to pancreatic cells188. 169, 21422147 (2009). Mazza, M. G. et al. The disease is designated COVID-19, which stands for "coronavirus disease 2019" [ 1 ]. Jacobs, L. G. et al. On the one hand, post-infectious dysautonomia has previously been described in relation to other pathogens, including Chagas disease, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Epstein-Barr virus, and rabies virus11,12. 31, 19481958 (2020). Briefly, the HF and PNN50 are regarded as specific indicators of the parasympathetic influence on the heart rate, whereas the LF and VLF components have a complex physiology that integrates both the sympathetic and parasympathetic components9. HRCT, high-resolution computed tomography; PE, pulmonary embolism. Neurology 95, e1060e1070 (2020). 132). Transplantation 102, 829837 (2018). Google Scholar. Chen, J. et al. Blood 135, 20332040 (2020). Lim, W. et al. Tee, L. Y., Hajanto, S. & Rosario, B. H. COVID-19 complicated by Hashimotos thyroiditis. Sinus tachycardia is the most common arrhythmia in Covid-19 patients. The remaining parameters are less specific to a determined sympathetic versus parasympathetic influence on the heart rate and, thus, become less useful in characterizing a specific ANS disturbance. For this reason, we performed the same tests in two gender- and age-controlled groups, one with matched disease stage and severity and one without previous infection. Thorax 56, 549556 (2001). Soc. An increased incidence of stress cardiomyopathy has been noted during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with pre-pandemic periods (7.8 versus 1.51.8%, respectively), although mortality and re-hospitalization rates in these patients are similiar112. Nakra, N. A., Blumberg, D. A., Herrera-Guerra, A. Compared to fully recovered patients, patients with PCS and IST more frequently complained of palpitations (90% vs. 5%; p<0.001), dyspnea (82% vs. 16%; p<0.001), chest pain (78% vs. 21%; p<0.001), headache (73% vs. 37%; p=0.007), dizziness (53% vs. 5%; p=0.002), diarrhea (53% vs. 16%; p=0.003), and dermatological alterations (35% vs. 5%; p=0.009). Reichard, R. R. et al. was supported by an institutional grant from the National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute to Columbia University Irving Medical Center (T32 HL007854). Surg. Paediatric Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Temporally Associated with COVID-19 (PIMS)Guidance for Clinicians (Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2020); https://www.rcpch.ac.uk/resources/paediatric-multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-temporally-associated-covid-19-pims-guidance. Characterization of the inflammatory response to severe COVID-19 Illness. Of 488 patients who completed the telephone survey in this study, 32.6% of patients reported persistent symptoms, including 18.9% with new or worsened symptoms. Follow-up of adults with noncritical COVID-19 two months after symptom onset. J. Atr. Clinically significant depression and anxiety were reported in approximately 3040% of patients following COVID-19, similar to patients with previous severe coronavirus infections11,12,15,143,144. Poissy, J. et al. Curr. Association of neuronal injury blood marker neurofilament light chain with mild-to-moderate COVID-19. Arch. https://doi.org/10.23736/S1973-9087.21.06549-7 (2021). B.B. In addition, a review of 28 studies evaluating the long-term manifestations of SARS-CoV-1 and MERS observed that the most common symptoms were fatigue, dyspnea, and weakness, similar to PCS10. Moores, L. K. et al. A prospective study of 12-week respiratory outcomes in COVID-19-related hospitalisations. Beneficial effects of multi-disciplinary rehabilitation in post-acute COVID-19an observational cohort study. & Sethi, A. Dermatologic manifestations of COVID-19: a comprehensive systematic review. In adults, a heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute when resting is considered tachycardia. 26, 10171032 (2020). Significance was set at p<0.05. PDF COVID-19- induced postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome treated Dysfunction of the reninangiotensinaldosterone system with compensatory activation of the SNS may also contribute to IST. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Crit. A prospective study from Belgium at 6weeks post-discharge follow-up assessed d-dimer levels and venous ultrasound in 102 patients; 8% received post-discharge thromboprophylaxis85. Chest CT features are associated with poorer quality of life in acute lung injury survivors. Furthermore, levels of immune activation directly correlate with cognitivebehavioral changes157. Incidence and risk factors: a Mediterranean cohort study. 'I apologize on behalf of my profession for refusing to listen to patients with vax injuries' - Dr. Michael Huang, physician who treated 4000 COVID patients says he's seen hundreds of COVID-19 vaccine injuries, cancer, pregnancy loss, etc. 12, 267 (2021). Sci. 22, 25072508 (2020). reports research support (institutional and personal) from AstraZeneca, Alexion, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb/ER Squibb and Sons, Cerulean, Eisai, Foundation Medicine, Exelixis, Ipsen, Tracon, Genentech, Roche, Roche Products, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, GlaxoSmithKline, Lilly, Merck, Novartis, Peloton, Pfizer, Prometheus Laboratories, Corvus, Calithera, Analysis Group, Sanofi/Aventis and Takeda; honoraria from AstraZeneca, Alexion, Sanofi/Aventis, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb/ER Squibb and Sons, Cerulean, Eisai, Foundation Medicine, Exelixis, Genentech, Roche, Roche Products, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, Novartis, Peloton, Pfizer, EMD Serono, Prometheus Laboratories, Corvus, Ipsen, UpToDate, NCCN, Analysis Group, Michael J. Hennessy (MJH) Associates (a healthcare communications company with several brands such as OncLive, PeerView and PER), Research to Practice, Lpath, Kidney Cancer, Clinical Care Options, PlatformQ, Navinata Health, Harborside Press, the American Society of Medical Oncology, the New England Journal of Medicine, Lancet Oncology, Heron Therapeutics and Lilly Oncology; a consultant or advisory role for AstraZeneca, Alexion, Sanofi/Aventis, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb/ER Squibb and Sons, Cerulean, Eisai, Foundation Medicine, Exelixis, Genentech, Heron Therapeutics, Lilly, Roche, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, Novartis, Peloton, Pfizer, EMD Serono, Prometheus Laboratories, Corvus, Ipsen, UpToDate, NCCN, Analysis Group, Pionyr, Tempest and Lilly Ventures; stock ownership in Pionyr and Tempest; and medical writing and editorial assistance support from communications companies funded by pharmaceutical companies (ClinicalThinking, Envision Pharma Group, Fishawack Group of Companies, Health Interactions, Parexel, Oxford PharmaGenesis and others). Haemost. Jhaveri, K. D. et al. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.113.000700 (2014). 382, 16531659 (2020). Am. Nat. Factors associated with death in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in the US. Lancet Infect. 18, 19952002 (2020). 194, 145158 (2014). Postdischarge symptoms and rehabilitation needs in survivors of COVID-19 infection: a cross-sectional evaluation. Lung transplantation in pulmonary fibrosis secondary to influenza A pneumonia. Nat. 10, 2247 (2019). Patell, R. et al. Bolay, H., Gl, A. Cell Rep. 28, 245256.e4 (2019). A majority of the patients (76%) reported at least one symptom. Mechanisms perpetuating cardiovascular sequelae in post-acute COVID-19 include direct viral invasion, downregulation of ACE2, inflammation and the immunologic response affecting the structural integrity of the myocardium, pericardium and conduction system. COVID-19 vaccine injured doctors are finally starting to speak up.and they are shocked that the medical establishment abandons them. However, the prevalence and the mechanisms underlying the cardiovascular consequences of post-infectious dysautonomia are not clear and need to be investigated further. More common side effects are mild and temporary, including: fever. Patient outcomes after hospitalisation with COVID-19 and implications for follow-up: results from a prospective UK cohort. J. Follow-up study of the pulmonary function and related physiological characteristics of COVID-19 survivors three months after recovery. Open 3, e2014780 (2020). Virol. (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK), London, 2020). De Michele, S. et al. COVID-19 Vaccine Injured Doctors Are Finally Starting To Speak Up And It is a red, blotchy rash that can appear around the injection site, typically about 7 days after receiving the first dose of. Gastroenterology 158, 18311833.e3 (2020). We found that IST is prevalent among PCS patients (affecting 20% in our series), and this disorder was more common in young women without previous comorbidities and with mild SARS-CoV-2 infection. Paterson, R. W. et al. 43, 276285 (2014). Mechanisms of thromboinflammation include endothelial injury70,91,92,93, complement activation94,95,96, platelet activation and plateletleukocyte interactions97,98,99, neutrophil extracellular traps95,100,101, release of pro-inflammatory cytokines102, disruption of normal coagulant pathways103 and hypoxia104, similar to the pathophysiology of thrombotic microangiopathy syndromes105. Pre-existing diabetes may first become apparent during the acute phase of COVID-19 and can generally be treated long term with agents other than insulin, even if initially associated with DKA. Xu, Y. et al. The increased heart rate doesn't harm the heart and doesn't require medical treatment. Peleg, Y. et al. 218(3), e20202135. This is supported by the 24-h ECG monitoring, as IST was accompanied by a decrease in most HRV parameters, predominantly during the daytime, and the most reduced components were those related to the cardiovagal tone (pNN50 and HF band). The authors declare no competing interests. Med. Racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19-related infections, hospitalizations, and deaths: a systematic review. was supported by National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases grants R01-DK114893, R01-MD014161 and U01-DK116066, as well as National Science Foundation grant 2032726. Abboud, H. et al. Difficulty. 88, 860861 (2020). The phase IV clinical study is created by eHealthMe based on reports from the FDA, and is updated regularly. PubMed D.A. Platelet and vascular biomarkers associate with thrombosis and death in coronavirus disease. Med. 75, 29502973 (2020). Childs Nerv. Ther. Med. However, there are notable differences, such as the higher affinity of SARS-CoV-2 for ACE2 compared with SARS-CoV-1, which is probably due to differences in the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein that mediates contact with ACE2. Spyropoulos, A. C. et al. In a prospective cohort study from Wuhan, China, long-term consequences of acute COVID-19 were evaluated by comprehensive in-person evaluation of 1,733 patients at 6months from symptom onset (hereby referred to as the post-acute COVID-19 Chinese study)5. Maron, B. J. et al. Over the couple of days she developed severe hypertension and recurrent tachycardia. The authors observed that cardiovascular outcomes did not correlate with the occurrence of hypoxemia, admission to the intensive care unit, or analytical abnormalities9. Eur. To assess cardiac autonomic function, a 2:1:1 comparative sub-analysis was conducted against both fully recovered patients with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and individuals without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cardiovasc Res. 1. Eligibility and disqualification recommendations for competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities: Task Force 3: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy and other cardiomyopathies, and myocarditis: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology. 27, 763767 (2020). Am. Wilbers, T. J. Pharmacological agents targeting thromboinflammation in COVID-19: review and implications for future research. Thromboembolism and anticoagulant therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic: interim clinical guidance from the anticoagulation forum. Notably, IST patients had a higher prevalence of environmental allergy compared to the control group (25% vs. 0%; p=0.01). J. It is not yet known how long the increased severity of pre-existing diabetes or predisposition to DKA persists after infection, and this will be addressed by the international CoviDiab registry183. Tachycardia is commonly reported in patients with post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS), also known as long COVID, authors report in a new article. Isolated Tachycardia Presenting After Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Herein, we summarize the epidemiology and organ-specific sequelae of post-acute COVID-19 and address management considerations for the interdisciplinary comprehensive care of these patients in COVID-19 clinics (Box 1 and Fig. Res. Kidney Int. To obtain 5). Do, T. P. et al. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. Needham, D. M. et al. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome | Nature Medicine Am. Madjid, M. et al. J. Endocrinol. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.15168 (2020). Myocardial fibrosis or scarring, and resultant cardiomyopathy from viral infection, can lead to re-entrant arrhythmias119. Thank you for visiting nature.com. SBtheNP, FNP-BC on Twitter: "I have experienced labile pressures A number of mechanisms have been proposed to explain the occurrence of ANS dysfunction after a viral infection: denervation of the ANS, virus-dependent tissue damage due to persistent infection, and immune-mediated injury, among others. Withdrawal of guideline-directed medical therapy was associated with higher mortality in the acute to post-acute phase in a retrospective study of 3,080 patients with COVID-19 (ref. Holter monitoring may help distinguish inappropriate sinus tachycardia Tachycardia is the medical term for a heart rate over 100 beats a minute. Neutrophil extracellular traps in COVID-19. Similarly, subacute thyroiditis with clinical thyrotoxicosis has been reported weeks after the resolution of respiratory symptoms184,185. Williamson, E. J. et al. symptoms of tachycardia in COVID-19 POTS. Active and future clinical studies, including prospective cohorts and clinical trials, along with frequent review of emerging evidence by working groups and task forces, are paramount to developing a robust knowledge database and informing clinical practice in this area. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. We present a case of a 15-year-old South Asian male who developed suspected POTS two weeks after receiving the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine booster, which was successfully managed with low-dose All these medications can change the potassium currents in the heart, which can cause prolongation of the QT interval. Furthermore, Halpin et al.24 reported additional associations between pre-existing respiratory disease, higher body mass index, older age and Black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) and dyspnea at 48weeks follow-up. Lung transplantation for an ARDS patient post-COVID-19 infection. Google Scholar. 18, 14211424 (2020). Altered lipid metabolism in recovered SARS patients twelve years after infection. Postmortem examination of patients with COVID-19. Cugno, M. et al. One distinguishing feature is those with POTS rarely exhibit >100 bpm while in a . Lancet Haematol. Gupta, A. et al. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Rheumatol. Neurology https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000010111 (2020). Given the severity of the systemic inflammatory response associated with severe COVID-19 and resultant frailty, early rehabilitation programs are being evaluated in ongoing clinical studies (Table 2). Cardiol. Attention is warranted to the use of drugs such as anti-arrhythmic agents (for example, amiodarone) in patients with fibrotic pulmonary changes after COVID-19 (ref. Infect. Ongoing studies are evaluating long-term sequelae in these children (NCT04330261). Garrigues, E. et al. J. Med. Van Kampen, J. J. Google Scholar. Sharma, P. et al. Lindner, D. et al. Pulmonary embolism in patients with COVID-19: awareness of an increased prevalence. Evaluation of coagulation function by rotation thromboelastometry in critically ill patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Inappropriate sinus tachycardia in post-COVID-19 syndrome. Pandharipande, P. P. et al. 99, 470474 (2020). Cite this article. Microbiol. 140, 16 (2020). *Significant differences compared with fully recovered patients. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. 21(1), e63e67. Endocrinol. It is a type of heart rhythm abnormality called an arrhythmia. During the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection, 33 patients (83%) had experienced mild symptoms not requiring hospital admission; 6 patients (15%) had moderate disease with pulmonary infiltrates and required hospitalization; and only 1 patient (3%) required intensive care management. No differences were observed in the maximum and minimum heart rates. Arch. Characteristics associated with racial/ethnic disparities in COVID-19 outcomes in an academic health care system. Zheng, Z., Chen, R. & Li, Y. Lancet 395, 10541062 (2020). Bikdeli, B. et al. Early studies with short-term follow-up in patients requiring RRT showed that 2764% were dialysis independent by 28d or ICU discharge169,171. & Baykan, B. COVID-19 is a real headache! AHSAM 2020 Virtual Annual Scientific Meeting (Infomedica, 2020); https://www.ahshighlights.com/summaries-podcasts/article/headache-covid-19-a-short-term-challenge-with-long-term-insights. Arany, J., Bazan, V., Llads, G. et al. 63,64,65,66,67), which is higher than in other critically ill patient populations (110%)68,69. Sci Rep 12, 298 (2022). Wu, Q. et al. Swai, J., Hu, Z., Zhao, X., Rugambwa, T. & Ming, G. Heart rate and heart rate variability comparison between postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome versus healthy participants; A systematic review and meta-analysis. 19, 767783 (2020). An observational cohort study from 38 hospitals in Michigan, United States evaluated the outcomes of 1,250 patients discharged alive at 60d by utilizing medical record abstraction and telephone surveys (hereby referred to as the post-acute COVID-19 US study)20. Lancet Neurol. Standard screening tools should be used to identify patients with anxiety, depression, sleep disturbances, PTSD, dysautonomia and fatigue76,141. Kartik Sehgal or Elaine Y. Wan. Crit. Eur. A.G. received payment from the Arnold & Porter law firm for work related to the Sanofi clopidogrel litigation and from the Ben C. Martin law firm for work related to the Cook inferior vena cava filter litigation; received consulting fees from Edward Lifesciences; and holds equity in the healthcare telecardiology startup Heartbeat Health. Ann. Case report. Finally, interference of angiotensin II synthesis by COVID-19 can be postulated as the last possible patho-physiological mechanism leading to dysautonomia. Acute COVID-19 has been recognized to disproportionately affect communities of color27,213,214,215,216. The most affected domains were mobility (mean score 3.6), usual activities (mean score 3.5), and pain/discomfort (mean score 3). Assoc. And as the vaccine is administered to millions of people, other rare issues might be reported, Vardeny said. Song, E. et al. 370, m3026 (2020). J. Since February 2016 I have been having fast heart rates. Rubino, F. et al. In most people, these symptoms come and go so . Heart rate variability comparison between young males after 46weeks from the end of SARS-CoV-2 infection and controls, Prospective multicenter study of heart rate variability with ANI monitor as predictor of mortality in critically ill patients with COVID-19, Higher heart rate variability as a predictor of atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertension, Heart rate reduction decreases central blood pressure in sick sinus syndrome patients with a permanent cardiac pacemaker, Periodic repolarization dynamics as predictor of risk for sudden cardiac death in chronic heart failure patients, Risk stratifiers for arrhythmic and non-arrhythmic mortality after acute myocardial infarction, Reduced heart-rate variability and increased risk of hypertensiona prospective study of the ELSA-Brasil, Apparent risks of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome diagnoses after COVID-19 vaccination and SARS-Cov-2 Infection, Signatures of the autonomic nervous system and the hearts pacemaker cells in canine electrocardiograms and their applications to humans, https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmed.2020-0896, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.12.007, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-019-01298-y, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jac.2012.07.074, https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1286, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.12.064, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10286-017-0452-4, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2003.02.002, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70038-3, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2020.05.193, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386525-0.00106-2, https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.43.1_part_1.132, https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.2065, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-020-04575-3, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-020-02245-1, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-021-06358-1, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-93546-5, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, COVID-19 and cognitive impairment: neuroinvasive and bloodbrain barrier dysfunction, Long Covid: where we stand and challenges ahead, Neuromuskulre Manifestationen beim Long-COVID-Syndrom, Inappropriate sinus tachycardia in long-COVID and other updates on recent autonomic research.
