the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. organisation to survive, a common identity had to form to support this new social structure of of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with The long civil war in the North has destroyed much of their society. This paper is a case study analysis of the sociological phenomena of forgiveness occurring in an ongoing two-decade war in northern Uganda. Despite their common language and ethnic designation, the Acholi of Uganda and the southern Sudan have distinct origins and developed along different historical trajectories; the remainder of this cultural summary will focus on the more populous Uganda Acholi. [26] However, it successfully popularised the LRA in the West. The full integration of the Acholi into the British colonial complex happened comparatively late. Women also provide major labor in the fields, as well as being responsible for most child rearing and all cooking and other food-preparation tasks. The LRA received much of its financial, logistical and military support from the Khartoum government in neighbouring Sudan. with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. Further he described how this negative experience led to generally negative attitudes towards Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). This belief underlies the customary land tenure rule that prohibits women from having rights to land independent of their relationship with their father or husband. administration within the region and the district headquarters were erected in the area of the They also kept goats, sheep and cattle. collective identity evolved, and a common language (Luo) spread. (Atkinson, 2011 Social Organization. "Kony's Message: A New Koine?". Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. In war, the men used spears and long, narrow shields of giraffe or ox hide. Atkinson, Ronald R. (1994). Instead, the Acholi were integrated in the These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customised ads. Certain rwodi and Even bride-wealth marriages are now often mainly nuclear-family affairs, and other alternatives to traditional marriage are common. Inheritance has been, and largely remains, patrilineal. Despite the years of leadership by men from the North, that region continued to be marginalized economically after independence, and has suffered higher rates of poverty than other areas of the country. into the independence era. The Acholi were considered a martial people by the British, and many joined the military. Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. The camps caused misery and sufferingwith a conservative death toll of 1,000 people a week. All procedures are conducted with care, to attempt to ensure that the spirit of the departed does not become angry. became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. The relationship between the Acholi and the British had for a long time been rather loose and Children are highly prized, and historically a couple did not set up their own household until the birth of their first child, living until then in the household of the husband's mother. Identification. Acholi men say, Property cant own property, and the notion of women having independent land rights is an anomaly to them. commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector Identification. When conflict did occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few deaths. 61). While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the By the mid-nineteenth century, about 60 small chiefdoms existed in eastern Acholiland. Malandra, Alfred (1939). The major art forms of the Acholi have been drumming, singing, and dancing. journalist who created an account of the history and traditions of the Acholi, wrote that the The Acholi live in small hamlets among patrilineal kin. The existence of separate chiefdoms was therefore not an Used to track the information of the embedded YouTube videos on a website. Large, dry-season hunts were an important part of the precolonial economy; these gradually decreased in significance as the varied roster of both large and small game animals dwindled over the twentieth century. He was defeated in January 1986. In the most recent phase of the cycle, beginning in the mid-1980s, Acholi has largely been on the receiving end of the violence. T(h)uri Kumam Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. The Acholi Traditional Approach to Justice and the War in Northern In addition there were priest- or priestess-diviners, private practitioners who worked for the well-being of their clients, and witches, who worked in private for evil or destructive purposes. 3 vols. (UNHCR, 2012). ETHNONYM: Karanga (historical) settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. Idi Amin (197179) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. Tito and Bazilio, who were Acholi by tribe, fled the country into exile. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. (unpublished thesis) Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International . His stated political aims are to rule Uganda according to the Biblical Ten Commandments. . Congo. prefix a- denoting the 1st Person Singular (Whitmire, 2013, p. 51). Identification. Specifically, this study explored, Living with Language. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Payera chiefdom and in 1911 they established here the Gulu township (Whitmire, 2013, pp. the hands of Arabs, this prompted Acholi not to accept any foreigners on their land any political organisation of the acholi window.__mirage2 = {petok:"igNXChGgDPbig_bsHwJgxoRb9NTulTcrPPRjDe2iFNY-86400-0"}; Uma, F. K. (1971). Industrial Arts. Purifications or atonement practices are still performed by Acholi elders in some communities. The Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964-1 985. The available evidence suggests that conflict in Acholi before the end "The Ancestral Shrine of the Acholi." Religious Beliefs. Each clan was administered by a council of elders chosen because of their outstanding military performance and because of their senior position in the community. Political Organizations | Encyclopedia.com Numbering more than one million at the turn of the 21st century, they speak a Western Nilotic language of the Eastern Sudanic branch of the Nilo-Saharan family and are culturally and historically related to their traditional enemies, the neighbouring Lango. "[9], Milton Obote, the first leader after independence, relied on Acholi Luo people and Langi Nilo Hamites or Ateker peoples in government. Chopi (Storch, 2005), Index of languages, language families, linguistic areas, and ethnic groups.. African languages. . It was also during this period that the name Acholi was coined by the Arab traders, calling During this period of growing integration into the colonial trade routes, the Acholi chiefdoms authority of a district commissioner. [6] While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudanese border, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". Under Ugandan Pres. This cookies is set by Youtube and is used to track the views of embedded videos. The data collected including the number visitors, the source where they have come from, and the pages visted in an anonymous form. Malaria and AIDS have been the primary disease causes of deaths. contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and The n, Mende subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) Archaeological and linguistic evidence suggests that from early in the Christian era, Acholi was settled mainly by Central Sudanic (or "proto-Central Sudanic") speakers in the west and Eastern Nilotic ("proto-Eastern Nilotic") speakers in the east. The Acholi of Uganda. connected and intertwined chiefdoms. Corn (maize), sorghum, beans, squash, peanuts (groundnuts), and other savanna crops also are grown. London: James Currey. The Holy Spirit Movement and Its Fight against Evil in the North." Required electronic filing by tax-exempt political organizations. Organizational politics are informal, unofficial, and sometimes behind-the-scenes efforts to sell ideas, influence an organization, increase power, or achieve other targeted objectives (Brandon & Seldman, 2004; Hochwarter, Witt, & Kacmar, 2000). to accumulate substantial fortunes, as have a few traders. southern parts of the country. [17] Most of the LRA returnees, numbering 12,000, underwent nyono tong gweno ('stepping on the egg') after returning to their home villages, to help restore them to home. This period of increased contact with non-Acholi accelerated the During the later nineteenth century, the emergent Acholi became involved in the international trade in ivory and slaves, which were exchanged mainly for cattle, beads, blankets, cotton cloth, and firearms. The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. The chiefs traditionally came from one clan, and each chiefdom had several villages made up of different patrilineal clans. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Pyerino Okoya and Lt. Gen Bazilio Olara-Okello. Historian Mark Curtis says that after Amin instigated a coup, Britain, the United States, and Israel quietly backed Amin and his campaign against the socialist-leaning President Milton Obote in 1971. Individual antecedents of political behavior include political . Ethnic group of South Sudan and Northern Uganda, Atkinson, Ronald R. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Precolonial Phase.". Much of that hierarchy continued ETHNONYMS: Balumbila, Batoka, Batonga, Bawe, Toka neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. Boys and girls are typically socialized into distinct gender roles, and do household and other chores accordingly. famines forced groups to move within the Acholi territory and create more cohesive forms of Encyclopedia of World Cultures. After weaning and up to the age of 5 or 6, however, much of the day-to-day caretaking of a child has customarily been done by an opposite-sex sibling or other preadolescent (often a member of the father's lineage), called lapidi (nurse-child). Location. They are speakers of Western Nilotic languages and are traditionally farmers. It does not store any personal data. This made the chiefs more independent from The results showed that students had, On the one hand, languages are translatable, which can be demonstrated from different perspectives such as the general characteristics of language, the parallel linguistic, The purpose of this study was to examine the language attitudes and language practices of Arabic-speaking families living in the United States. Diversity Management in Sudan's Democratic Transitional Arrangements: Technical Paper 1, January 2023. The history and politics of ethnicity and language 37. Whitmire (2013) on the other hand argued that a He overthrew Obote's government and established a dictatorship, ultimately suppressing and killing 300,000 people, including many Acholi. Since Ugandan forces pushed the LRA out of Northern Uganda, the majority were able to return to their homes, though without much in the way of government support. 13.4 Organizational Politics | Organizational Behavior - Lumen Learning 1orthern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab N - ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. (1976). The most common domestic animals are (and have long been) chickens and goats, with some cattle, especially in the dryer portions of Acholi. Each type of spirit had numerous ceremonies associated with it; many ceremonies included small offerings of food and drink. In the past, medical problems were addressed through approaches to various spirits, by visits to diviners, and by the use of herbs, roots, and other folk medicines. The EU's External Democracy Action in a New Geopolitical Reality: Policy Brief. Divorce, which can occur for numerous reasons, is not uncommon and may or may not involve return of the bride-wealth; children, as members of the father's lineage, usually either stay with the father or return to him later. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Okot p'Bitek's epic poem, Song of Lawino, debates Acholi customs around the time that Uganda became independent. From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and . environment and larger distances between settlements kept the hierarchical structures PDF CORE - Aggregating the world's open access research papers other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. The Roots of Ethnicity: The Origins of the Acholi of Uganda before 1800. Luo people - Wikipedia
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