For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! In Russia, beyond Pushkin's translation of a few tercets,[80] Osip Mandelstam's late poetry has been said to bear the mark of a "tormented meditation" on the Comedy. Below the seven purges of the soul is the Ante-Purgatory, containing the Excommunicated from the church and the Late repentant who died, often violently, before receiving rites. He sees two who are sitting up, propped against each other, and covered in scabs. Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. Inferno takes the form of an allegory, a story whose literal plot deals entirely in symbols, imbuing the story with a second level of meaning implied by, but broader than, the events of the narrative. Dante knew Aristotle directly from Latin translations of his works and indirectly quotations in the works of Albertus Magnus. Previous 4 Mar. April 29, 2017. Historical Context Essay: Guelphs versus Ghibellines, Literary Context Essay: Epic Poetry and Inferno, Central Idea Essay: How Punishments in Hell Are Determined, A+ Student Essay: Inferno, Christianity, & the Church. Upload them to earn free Course Hero access! We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. PDF downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. He then agreed to give his advice, which turned out to be incorrect. Neptune Roman Mythology. (Valdichiana, Maremma, and Sardinia are swampy areas in the Tuscan region of Italy that were once known as major breeding grounds for malaria and other diseases). Dante does not question here the spiritual authority of the church, to which he shows steadfast respect throughout Inferno. Finally, Bertrand de Born, the man whose head was removed, caused a rift between family members. Sinon says that he is there for one sin, while Master Adam is there for thousands each coin being a separate sin. eNotes Editorial. 2023. were scorching Ganges' waves; so here, the sun Allegorically, the Purgatorio represents the Christian life. Narcissus' mirror Greek Myth. Cyprus country on an island at the east end of the Mediterranean, south of Turkey. and found it necessary to walk backward, Virgil and Dante discover that two of these sinners are alchemists from Siena. David Bible. Struggling with distance learning? of your arts' course springs from experiment. But others spend careers on. We've learned that Canto 29 takes place in the tenth and final pouch of the Malebolge (Evil Pouches) in the Eighth Circle of Hell. Scabs cover them from head to foot; they scratch at them furiously and incessantly. Polo de Beaulieu, "Histoire d'une traduction," in. Read more historical context on Boniface. Ed. Virgil sees his immediate shame and is relieved at this behavior; Virgil's toughness on Dante is teaching him to be diligent and watchful, though Virgil indicates that something similar may happen again, illustrating that he understands the fallibility of Human Nature. You can view our. angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection, List of English translations of the Divine Comedy, "Inferno, la Divina Commedia annotata e commentata da Tommaso Di Salvo, Zanichelli, Bologna, 1985", The Poetry of Allusion: Virgil and Ovid in Dante's Commedia, Digital Readers of Allusive Texts: Ovidian Intertextuality in the Commedia and the Digital Concordance on Intertextual Dante, Dictionary of Dante A Dictionary of the works of Dante, Mandel'tam and Dante: The Divine Comedy in Mandel'tam's Poetry of the 1930s, "The Divine Comedy in sculpture: Timothy Schmalz", "The Dante Project review bold, beautiful and utterly engaging", The Wood of the Self-Murderers: The Harpies and the Suicides, Francesca da Rimini and Paolo Malatesta Appraised by Dante and Virgil, The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divine_Comedy&oldid=1142232017, Cultural depictions of Francesca da Rimini, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Italian-language text, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2022, Articles with Italian-language sources (it), Articles with MusicBrainz work identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Johann Numeister and Evangelista Angelini da Trevi, Unrhymed terzines. Dante is still in the ninth pouch, shaken and hesitant to move on. and any corresponding bookmarks? The seven lowest spheres of Heaven deal solely with the cardinal virtues of Prudence, Fortitude, Justice and Temperance. Virgil rebukes Dante for his cowardice and then reassures him with the story of how he knew to find Dante and act as his guide. From the opening lines, Dante makes clear the allegorical intention of his poem: Midway on our lifes journey, I found myself / In dark woods, the right road lost (I.12). And cry. There is no time for pure emotion at this point in the journey; time is growing short and Virgil must move Dante along, even if that means taking on a harsher nature. Virgil reprimands Dante for staring so long at the wounded souls, reminding him that their time is limited; this time, however, Dante stubbornly follows his own inclination. Canto XXVIII, The Beginning and the Ending: Francesca and Ugolino. Please wait while we process your payment. eNotes.com will help you with any book or any question. The adjective Divina was added by Giovanni Boccaccio,[15] owing to its subject matter and lofty style,[16] and the first edition to name the poem Divina Comedia in the title was that of the Venetian humanist Lodovico Dolce,[17] published in 1555 by Gabriele Giolito de' Ferrari. Aldo Vallone (trans. In keeping with the theme of Divine Retribution that runs throughout Inferno, the sinners in the ninth chasm, the Sowers of Discord, are brutally split and mutilated, just as they split and mutilated aspects of religion, politics, or kinsmen. the second king of Israel and Judah, succeeding Saul; reputed to be the writer of many psalms. Virgil asks if any of them are from Italy, and two of them answer in the affirmative. After an initial ascension, Beatrice guides Dante through the nine celestial spheres of Heaven. date the date you are citing the material. In a larger sense, however, the opening cantos help to establish the relationship between Inferno and larger literary, political, and religious tradition, indicating their points of convergence and deviation. Having read the incandescent poetry of cantos 26-28, it's difficult not to feel as though Dante really phoned it in with canto 29. Canto V Inferno di Dante parafrasi mento figure. The latter is described in the ahadith and the Kitab al Miraj (translated into Latin in 1264 or shortly before[68] as Liber scalae Machometi, "The Book of Muhammad's Ladder"), and has significant similarities to the Paradiso, such as a sevenfold division of Paradise, although this is not unique to the Kitab al Miraj or Islamic cosmology. The mountain has seven terraces, corresponding to the seven deadly sins or "seven roots of sinfulness. Dante relates that as he and Virgil approach the mouth of Hell, his mind turns to the journey ahead and again he feels the grip of dread. The opening of Canto XXVIII, which describes the wounds of the Sowers of Scandal and Schism, instances Dantes effective use in The Comedy of starkly contrasting styles. There are many references to Dante's work in literature. Dante, who just a few minutes ago was utterly distraught and empathetic, now indulges in a joke about cultural stereotypes, since Siena is a rival city to his native Florence. The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. Just as three wild animals threaten to attack him, Dante is rescued by the ghost of Virgil, a celebrated Roman poet and also Dante's idol. The second is the date of Inferno Study Guide. We must work together so that all Iowans have access to the resources they need to Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! 12 29 having survived the depths of hell dante and virgil ascend out of the. A great deal of medieval Christian allegory portrayed a character type known as Everyman, a Christian protagonist (even named Christian in Bunyans work) representing all of humanity; the Everyman character undergoes trials and tribulations in his search to find the souls true path in life. The material has been carefully compared Read more about the historical context around Dantes work The Divine Comedy. Ace your assignments with our guide to Inferno! Search all of SparkNotes Search. Dante Alighieri's epic poem Inferno, the first part of Dante's Divine Comedy, is the classic Italian book abo. The Paradiso is consequently more theological in nature than the Inferno and the Purgatorio. It Takes a Village by Hillary Rodham Clinton. Of course, the poet Dante seems to have his own agenda; his poem takes the recounting of their stories as a central part of its project. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. "Dante's Inferno - Canto 29 Summary" eNotes Publishing Virgil says that Beatrice wept as she told him of Dantes misery and that he found her entreaty deeply moving. Have study documents to share about Inferno? The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian, The Circuit: Stories from the Life of a Migrant Child. Available as Framed Prints, Photos, Wall Art and Photo Gifts #MediaStorehouse As usual, Dante gives faces to each of these four classes of sins, in allowing the sinners to speak. However, Dante admits that the vision of heaven he receives is merely the one his human eyes permit him to see, and thus the vision of heaven found in the Cantos is Dante's personal vision. The authoritative translations of The Inferno, The Purgatorio, and The Paradisotogether in one volume. This includes five hundred or so direct quotes and references Dante derives from the Bible (or his memory of it). Da Montefeltros tale about his dealings with Boniface establishes a theological point and allows Dante to apply one of his Aristotelian convictions to Catholic doctrine. Similarly, the path to the blessed afterlife awaits anyone who seeks to find it. Dont have an account? August 17, 2016. In this way, Dante links his poem to the larger tradition of medieval Christian allegory, most famously represented in English by Bunyans Pilgrims Progress. A comprehensive listing and criticism, covering the period 17821966, of English translations of at least one of the three. Historical Context Essay: Guelphs versus Ghibellines, Literary Context Essay: Epic Poetry and Inferno, Central Idea Essay: How Punishments in Hell Are Determined, A+ Student Essay: Inferno, Christianity, & the Church, Read more about the poem as a medieval allegory, Read an in-depth analysis of the opening lines of the poem, Read an in-depth analysis of Dante as Everyman, Read more about political arguments as a motif, Read more about the historical context around Dantes work. A devil stands at one point of the circle with a sword, splitting open each sinner who walks by. Well, Dante Alighieri didin his own way. Previous Complete your free account to request a guide. The opening tercet (a three-line stanza) of Inferno also situates the poem in time. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! While the structures of the Inferno and Purgatorio were based on different classifications of sin, the structure of the Paradiso is based on the four cardinal virtues and the three theological virtues. Course Hero's video study guide provides in-depth summary and analysis of Canto 29 of Dante Alighieri's epic poem Inferno. In fact, canto 28 is so hard to shake that Dante dwells on it for the first thirty or so lines of canto 29, weeping at the thought of the mangled sinners he'd met. He warns that the punishment in this part of Hell is bloody and grotesque. The devils reference to himself as a logician invokes the idea of the indisputability of divine justice. [24], In central Italy's political struggle between Guelphs and Ghibellines, Dante was part of the Guelphs, who in general favored the Papacy over the Holy Roman Emperor. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The first three spheres involve a deficiency of one of the cardinal virtues the Moon, containing the inconstant, whose vows to God waned as the moon and thus lack fortitude; Mercury, containing the ambitious, who were virtuous for glory and thus lacked justice; and Venus, containing the lovers, whose love was directed towards another than God and thus lacked Temperance. 2023 Course Hero, Inc. All rights reserved. "[37] Appropriately, therefore, it is Easter Sunday when Dante and Virgil arrive. From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. The citation above will include either 2 or 3 dates. Read more about political arguments as a motif. Complete your free account to access notes and highlights. Retrieved March 4, 2023, from https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Inferno/. Peter S. Hawkins and. "I think a spirit of my own blood is among the dammed." Italian poet Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) wrote his epic poem Divina Commedia (The Divine Comedy) between 1308 and his death in 1321. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. Another soul addresses Dante and asks that he warn Guido and Angiolello that they will be thrown from their ships into the sea by the one-eyed traitor (Malatestino). The way the content is organized, LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in. At this stage it is, Dante says, sunset at Jerusalem, midnight on the River Ganges, and sunrise in Purgatory. Don Quixote Frankenstein Of Mice and Men Pride and Prejudice The Outsiders Menu . Want 100 or more? Structure and story. flashcard set. that it must match the brightness of the rest.[53]. Our summaries and analyses are written by experts, and your questions are answered by real teachers. Dante briefly defends his cousin, saying that he did this only because his death has not yet been avenged by his family. [67] Medieval Christian mysticism also shared the Neoplatonic influence of Sufis such as Ibn Arabi. il sagittario dal 29 novembre al 17 dicembre web padre nostro che sei nei cieli sia santificato il tuo nome . Are you sure you want to remove #bookConfirmation# Have you ever thought about how scammers and certain companies on infomercials should be punished? He says that reliving his story causes him pain. It all starts with health equitymeaning everyone has a fair and just opportunity to be healthy. beneath high Libra, and the ninth hour's rays [3] The poem's imaginative vision of the afterlife is representative of the medieval worldview as it existed in the Western Church by the 14th century. Please wait while we process your payment. 2023 . John Ciardi's Translation of the Commedia. Literal prose version with extensive commentary; 6 vols. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. Thus, a trio of holy women watches over Dante from above. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. It is still widely available, including. Cantos XXIX-XXX, The Beginning and the Ending: Francesca and Ugolino. Summary The canto opens with Dante wondering how to describe the sinners in the ninth chasm. Explain who the three heavenly women who are concerned about Dante are in the Inferno. [62], The Divine Comedy is also a product of Scholasticism, especially as expressed by St. Thomas Aquinas. When he died, St. Francis came for him, but a devil pulled him away, saying that a man could not receive absolution before sinning, for absolution cannot precede repentance and repentance cannot precede the sin. Boccaccio also quotes the initial triplet:"Ultima regna canam fluvido contermina mundo, / spiritibus quae lata patent, quae premia solvunt / pro meritis cuicumque suis". All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Summary and Analysis Cantos XXIX-XXX. Already a member? This woman was Beatrice, Dantes departed love, who now has an honored place among the blessed. because they could not see ahead of them. Here they see the suffering and hear the wails and weeping of the Falsifiers. Absalom Bible. Dante briefly observes the punishment of his kinsman, Geri del Bello, but Virgil encourages him to proceed with their journey and focus on other matters. Dantes Inferno. This soul is Curio, by whose council Caesar crossed the Rubicon, thus starting a war. You'll also receive an email with the link. In Course Hero. PDFs of modern translations of every Shakespeare play and poem. Galileo Galilei is known to have lectured on the Inferno, and it has been suggested that the poem may have influenced some of Galileo's own ideas regarding mechanics. Contact us Canto III, lines 76-78: [over the Styx came Charon] an old man Crying, Woe to you wicked spirits! The work was originally simply titled Comeda (pronounced[komedia], Tuscan for "Comedy") so also in the first printed edition, published in 1472 later adjusted to the modern Italian Commedia. Dante S Inferno A Study On Part I Of The . Some lay gasping, some lean on one another, and some pick one another's scabs as if scaling a fish. Purchasing [40], Coluccio Salutati translated some quotations from the Comedy into Latin for his De fato et fortuna in 13961397. stood at the point of day's departure when Dante remembers that his death has not been avenged, and pities him, although this is problematic because avenging his death would require violence, which Dante knows is a sin. Era Divina dia Institut d Estudis Aranesi. The poem begins on the night before Good Friday in the year 1300, "halfway along our life's path" (Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita). And they also meet Potiphar, who falsely accused Joseph. The Divine Comedy (Italian: Divina Commedia; Italian pronunciation:[divina kommdja]) is an Italian narrative poem by Dante Alighieri, begun c. 1308 and completed around 1321, shortly before the author's death. After a time, he underwent a religious conversion and joined a Franciscan monastery, but he was then persuaded by Pope Boniface VIII to reenter politics on the opposing side. Thrilled to meet the poet that he most admires, Dante tells Virgil about the beasts that blocked his path. 2 Comments. from your Reading List will also remove any Inevitably, given its setting, the Paradiso discusses astronomy extensively, but in the Ptolemaic sense. The first vernacular verse translation was that of Andreu Febrer into Catalan in 1429.[42]. (2016, August 17). As they get deeper into hell, the light disappears. Dante was one of the first in the Middle Ages to write of a serious subject, the Redemption of humanity, in the low and "vulgar" Italian language and not the Latin one might expect for such a serious topic. He says: ''You recall how good I was at aping nature.'' These people were violently mangled in unspeakable ways, after which they would heal, only to be torn apart again. Master Adam and Sinon the Greek exchange blows and begin bickering about who is the worse sinner. It was made during the Council of Constance. Course Hero. Dante's simile about scratching creates a strange likeness between something on earth and something on hell. The Bibles Psalms describe a human lifespan as being threescore and ten years, or seventy years. Canti inferno dal XII analisi e sintesi. [69], Many scholars have not been satisfied that Dante was influenced by the Kitab al Miraj. Jorge Luis Borges, "Selected Non-Fictions". [63][64] This influence is most pronounced in the Paradiso, where the text's portrayals of God, the beatific vision, and substantial forms all align with scholastic doctrine. He opens the canto by stating that no one would be able to properly describe what he saw there and that anyone who tried to do so would certainly fall short. While Dante portrays Virgil as having learned truths from future generations, he presents himself as having gained knowledge from Virgil, commenting that the ancient poet taught him the graceful style that has brought him fame (I.67). He says that he does not remember how he lost his way, but he has wandered into a fearful place, a dark and tangled valley. One of them is Griffolino of Arezzo, who was burned at the stake for heresy but has landed here in the Tenth Pouch for his practice of the occult art of alchemy. Furthermore, it can also be used to select stories for the class. [43] Of the 300 copies printed, fourteen still survive. HISTORY of the CHRISTIAN CHURCH 1 1 Schaff, Philip, History of the Christian Church, (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc.) 1997. Just before the poets leave this circle, Virgil gives Dante a strict and swift reprimand, again illustrating how he has changed from the earlier circles. Virgil reminds him that they have further to go, and more to see. [41], The first translation of the Comedy into another vernacular was the prose translation into Castilian completed by Enrique de Villena in 1428. by the Love which moves the sun and the other stars. Virgil responds that he saw Dante's kinsman under the bridge that they had just crossed, and that this shade, which the others had called Geri del Bello, had shaken its finger threateningly at Dante as they passed by. This manner of referencing events from epics and other legends characterized much of classical literature. Dante's fantastical journey is often used like this as a way of criticizing the cities and people of his own time. [4] It is divided into three parts: Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. Dante begins Canto 29 by saying that witnessing this ''had made my eyes so drunk they had a passion to stay and weep.'' Virgil senses his shame and says that less shame would wash away a greater fault, but that to listen to such petty arguing is degrading. Having arrived at the chasm or evil pouch in the eighth circle, Dante wants to stop for a moment to observe these suffering shades, but Virgil is impatient and tells him to move along. Although the soul is standing right beside Dante, he cannot speak because his tongue is chopped out. They defend the Valley from the same serpent that was found in Eden, but they only need to flap their wings, and the serpent slithers away in fright. [9] Consequently, the Divine Comedy has been called "the Summa in verse". Worse, as they follow the circle around, their wounds close up so that they are whole by the time they come back to the sword, only to be struck again. In unserem Vergleich haben wir die unterschiedlichsten 70413 lego am Markt unter die Lupe genommen und die wichtigsten Eigenschaften, die Kostenstruktur und die Bewertungen der Kunden abgewogen. Discount, Discount Code At first, Dante is overwhelmed by the horrors of Canto 28, in which the bodies of schismatics (people who create harmful division in religion or politics) are gruesomely ripped apart for all eternity. However, one may question the statement that it is this particular style that brought Dante fame: the poet elsewhere employs many other styles with equal skill. Ed. [54], Without access to the works of Homer, Dante used Virgil, Lucan, Ovid, and Statius as the models for the style, history, and mythology of the Comedy. However, he does not believe that this authority should overrule logicespecially given the churchs frequent descent into corruption. In music, Franz Liszt was one of many composers to write works based on the Divine Comedy. 20% Youve successfully purchased a group discount. from your Reading List will also remove any Having survived the depths of Hell, Dante and Virgil ascend out of the undergloom to the Mountain of Purgatory on the far side of the world. Since his journey will take him back to the world of the living, he offers to spread their names among men if they will tell him their stories. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. Dante was among the White Guelphs who were exiled in 1302 by the Lord-Mayor Cante de' Gabrielli di Gubbio, after troops under Charles of Valois entered the city, at the request of Pope BonifaceVIII, who supported the Black Guelphs. Epic, Poetry, Translation. We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. Read an in-depth analysis of Dante as Everyman. Living seven hundred years after Dante's poetic career makes the final stretch of . Are you sure you want to remove #bookConfirmation# Mosca advised the death of a man who had broken an engagement (which was a good as a marriage vow in Dante's time). for a group? God's angel happy showed himself to us. Nathan P. Gilmour, 14 July 2015. Dante considers himself less worthy than these two and fears that he may not survive his passage through Hell. Sometimes it can end up there. . The next class of Falsifiers that the poets encounter is in the form of Master Adam, a Counterfeiter who made florins from alloyed gold and was burned for the offense. Dante compares their state to that of the miserable people who cram the hospitals at three different cities. This circle contains souls who have committed sins of fraud, and Pouch 10 is reserved for falsifiers in particular. The Inferno follows the wanderings of the poet Dante as he strays off the rightful and straight path of moral truth and gets lost in a dark wood. An initial canto, serving as an introduction to the poem and generally considered to be part of the first cantica, brings the total number of cantos to 100. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Gustave Dor illustre La Divine die 1 2 BiblioDeL. He's especially upset at seeing one of his cousins there. The Inferno by Dante Alighieri (which is actually part of The Divine Comedy so shouldn't be counted, but I'll let it slide) Inherit the Wind by Jerome Lawrence and Robert E Lee. Dante Alighieri's epic poem Inferno, the first part of Dante's Divine Comedy, is the classic Italian book about the nine circles of hell. Italian narrative poem by Dante Alighieri, "The Divine Comedy" redirects here. [72] Palacios' theory that Dante was influenced by Ibn Arabi was satirized by the Turkish academic Orhan Pamuk in his novel The Black Book. Virgil's description of Geri shows that hell and earth are significantly interrelated. Lucifer Symbols All SymbolsThe Journey Light and Dark Upgrade to LitCharts A+ Instant downloads of all 1664 LitChart PDFs (including Inferno). The final four incidentally are positive examples of the cardinal virtues, all led on by the Sun, containing the prudent, whose wisdom lighted the way for the other virtues, to which the others are bound (constituting a category on its own). $24.99 Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. Dante 2015: Inferno part 3: Cantos 24-34. Dante is immediately filled with shame, something that probably would not have happened in an earlier circle, where he would not have known better than to listen to two shades bickering. [56] Ovid is given less explicit praise in the poem, but besides Virgil, Dante uses Ovid as a source more than any other poet, mostly through metaphors and fantastical episodes based on those in The Metamorphoses. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. In sculpture, the work of Auguste Rodin includes themes from Dante. He praises both her and Virgil for their aid and then continues to follow Virgil toward Hell. The seven subdivided into three are raised further by two more categories: the eighth sphere of the fixed stars that contain those who achieved the theological virtues of faith, hope and love, and represent the Church Triumphant the total perfection of humanity, cleansed of all the sins and carrying all the virtues of heaven; and the ninth circle, or Primum Mobile (corresponding to the Geocentricism of Medieval astronomy), which contains the angels, creatures never poisoned by original sin. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! 17 Aug. 2016. Dante comments that the extreme disease reminds him of places on earth and draws a comparison between this circle of Hell and the cities of Valdichiana, Maremma, and Sardinia. Virgil upbraids Dante for weeping and pausing at the ninth pit, consistent with the hardening of his character in these later circles. H. P. Lovecraft's "Supernatural Horror in Literature" should be consulted.It is one of the major works of horror criticism. The poem is often lauded for its particularly human qualities: Dante's skillful delineation of the characters he encounters in Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise; his bitter denunciations of Florentine and Italian politics; and his powerful poetic imagination. Bergin, Thomas G. trans. Course Hero. The first verse translation, into Latin hexameters, was made in 14271431 by Matteo Ronto[fr]. Inferno Summary. Hecuba taken to Greece from Troy as a slave; written about by Ovid. Virgil interrupts two of the souls who are picking at each other's scabs and asks them if there are any Italians (Latians) among them. It is generally accepted, however, that the first two cantos serve as a unitary prologue to the entire epic, and that the opening two cantos of each cantica serve as prologues to each of the three cantiche.[19][20][21]. He warns Dante, however, that before they can climb the hill they must first pass through the place of eternal punishment (Hell) and then a place of lesser punishment (Purgatory); only then can they reach Gods city (Heaven).

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